DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jkd%20(dmj).v14i4.49555

SONGGA WOOD (STRYCHNOS LIGUSTRINA BLUME) ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCE TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA LEVELS IN ARTEMINISIN-BASED-COMBINATION THERAPY-TREATED MALARIA

*Kis Djamiatun orcid  -  Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University, Indonesia
Open Access Copyright 2025 Kis RA Kisdjamiatun RMD. Djamiatun
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Citation Format:
Abstract

Background: The emergence of resistance to artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) complicates malaria control strategies, necessitating novel therapeutic approaches and enhanced surveillance in affected regions. Traditional herbal remedies, such as Songga wood (Strychnos ligustrina Blume), are gaining attention for their potential antimalarial and immunomodulatory properties, offering promising alternatives to combat drug-resistant malaria. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ethanolic extracts from the stem of Songga wood (EESWS) on the modulation of TNF-α in malaria treatment with ACTs. Methods: A study used a post-test-only-control-group design with simple-random-sampling involved two treatment groups and three control groups, each with five Swiss-Webster mice. The C1 group was the healthy control, the C2 group was untreated, and the C3 group received ACT. The P1 group was given EESWS at preventive and therapeutic doses, while the P2 group received a combination of EESWS-ACT. Blood samples were collected on the day of the 8th infection to assess parasitemia percentage and plasma TNF-α levels. Results: On day 7 of PbA infection, the untreated C2 group exhibited the highest parasitemia levels (13.20 ± 4.18), while the C3, P1, and P2 groups showed significantly lower levels, with no significant differences among these treated groups (p > 0.05). Significant differences in TNF-α levels were observed, with the untreated C2 group having higher levels compared to the healthy C1 group and all treatment groups. Among the treatments, the P1 group had higher TNF-α levels than both the P2 and C3 groups, while no significant difference was observed between the C3 and P2 groups. Conclusions: All treatment regimens effectively promoted recovery from PbA infection, and the combination of EESWS with ACT appears to facilitate a more balanced modulation of inflammatory responses during the malaria recovery phase.

Fulltext View|Download
Keywords: ACT, parasitemia, Plasmodium, Strychnos ligustrina Blume, TNF-α
Funding: -

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Original Articles
Language : EN
Recent articles
THE EFFECT OF GIVING RED DRAGON FRUIT JUICE (HYLOCEREUS POLYRHIZUS) ON SPERMATOZOA CONCENTRATION IN WISTAR RATS EXPOSED TO CIGARETTE SMOKE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AGE AND GENDER WITH SPECIFIC LOW BACK PAIN IN PKU MUHAMMADIYAH BANTUL HOSPITAL SONGGA WOOD (STRYCHNOS LIGUSTRINA BLUME) ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCE TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA LEVELS IN ARTEMINISIN-BASED-COMBINATION THERAPY-TREATED MALARIA More recent articles
  1. Olani, Z., et al., A Five‐Year (2016‐2020) Trend Analysis of Malaria Surveillance Data in Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. Biomed Research International, 2023. 2023(1)
  2. Kouakou, Y.I., et al., Assessment of Quantitative and Semi-Quantitative Biological Test Methods of Artesunatein Vitro. Parasite, 2022. 29: p. 18
  3. Moyo, P., Prioritised Identification of Structural Classes of Natural Products From Higher Plants in the Expedition of Antimalarial Drug Discovery. Natural Products and Bioprospecting, 2023. 13(1)
  4. Kagoro, F.M., et al., Mapping genetic markers of artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Asia: a systematic review and spatiotemporal analysis. The Lancet Microbe, 2022. 3(3): p. e184-e192
  5. Rahmasari, F.V., et al., Drug resistance of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax isolates in Indonesia. Malaria Journal, 2022. 21(1): p. 354
  6. Rahmasari, F.V., et al., Evolution of genetic markers for drug resistance after the introduction of dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine as first-line anti-malarial treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Indonesia. Malaria Journal, 2023. 22(1): p. 231
  7. Lubis, I.N.D., et al. Recurrence of Plasmodium malariae and P. falciparum following treatment of uncomplicated malaria in North Sumatera with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine or artemether-lumefantrine. in Open Forum Infectious Diseases. 2020. Oxford University Press US
  8. Rasmussen, C., P. Alonso, and P. Ringwald, Current and emerging strategies to combat antimalarial resistance. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022. 20(3): p. 353-372
  9. Nortey, N.N.D., et al., Herbs Used in Antimalarial Medicines: A Study in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2023. 2023(1): p. 6697078
  10. Kacholi, D.S., A comprehensive review of antimalarial medicinal plants used by Tanzanians. Pharmaceutical Biology, 2024. 62(1): p. 133-152
  11. Richard-Bollans, A., et al., Machine Learning Enhances Prediction of Plants as Potential Sources of Antimalarials. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2023. 14
  12. Erhirhie, E.O., et al., Antimalarial Herbal Drugs: A Review of Their Interactions With Conventional Antimalarial Drugs. Clinical Phytoscience, 2021. 7(1)
  13. Fuchs, A., et al., Falciparum Malaria-Induced Secondary Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Successfully Treated With Ruxolitinib. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2020. 100: p. 382-385
  14. Wang, J., et al., PDL1 Fusion Protein Protects Against Experimental Cerebral Malaria via Repressing Over-Reactive CD8+ T Cell Responses. Frontiers in Immunology, 2019. 9
  15. Gaio, P., N-(Coumarin-3-Yl)cinnamamide Promotes Immunomodulatory, Neuroprotective, and Lung Function-Preserving Effects During Severe Malaria. Pharmaceuticals, 2023. 17(1): p. 46
  16. Khasanah, U., et al., Oral acute toxicity study and in vivo antimalarial activity of Strychnos lucida R. Br. tablet. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2024. 330: p. 118200
  17. Pertiwi, A.K., et al., Ethnopharmacology and Computer-Aided Tandem Protocol to Search for Antimalarial Agents From Indonesian Medicinal Plants: HAP Inhibitor. 2021
  18. Djamiatun, K., R. Wirman, and N. Wijayahadi, Effect of Combination Songga-Wood-Stem (Strychnos Ligustrina Blume) and Antimalaria-Act on IL-10 Production of Malaria. Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research, 2022. 1(1): p. 45-47
  19. Haeseleer, C., et al., Reactivation of Plasmodium Infection During a Treatment With Infliximab: A Case Report. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2020. 91: p. 101-103
  20. Crabtree, J.N., et al., Lymphocyte crosstalk is required for monocyte-intrinsic trained immunity to Plasmodium falciparum. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 2022. 132(11)
  21. Popa, G. and M.I. Popa, Recent Advances in Understanding the Inflammatory Response in Malaria: A Review of the Dual Role of Cytokines. Journal of Immunology Research, 2021. 2021: p. 1-9
  22. Ademola, S.A., O.J. Bamikole, and O.K. Amodu, Is TNF alpha a mediator in the co-existence of malaria and type 2 diabetes in a malaria endemic population? Front Immunol, 2023. 14: p. 1028303
  23. Mahittikorn, A., et al., Tumour necrosis factor-α as a prognostic biomarker of severe malaria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Travel Medicine, 2022. 29(4): p. taac053
  24. Kongjam, P., et al., Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-308G> a promoter polymorphism (rs1800629) promotes Asians in susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum severe malaria: A meta-analysis. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 2023. 17(11): p. e0011735
  25. Ojueromi, O.O., G. Oboh, and A.O. Ademosun, Effect of black seeds (Nigella sativa) on inflammatory and immunomodulatory markers in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 2022. 46(11): p. e14300
  26. Futagbi, G., et al., Association of TNF-alpha, MBL2, NOS2, and G6PD with malaria outcomes in people in Southern Ghana. Genetics research, 2022. 2022: p. e75
  27. Fitri, L.E., et al., Bifidobacterium longum Administration Diminishes Parasitemia and Inflammation During Plasmodium berghei Infection in Mice. J Inflamm Res, 2023. 16: p. 1393-1404
  28. Idowu, A.O., et al., Plasmodium falciparum Treated with Artemisinin-based Combined Therapy Exhibits Enhanced Mutation, Heightened Cortisol and TNF-α Induction. Int J Med Sci, 2018. 15(13): p. 1449-1457
  29. Mohamedahmed, K.A., Association between Elevated TNF-α Levels and Severe Malaria. Galen Med J, 2023. 12: p. 1-2
  30. Popa, G.L. and M.I. Popa, Recent Advances in Understanding the Inflammatory Response in Malaria: A Review of the Dual Role of Cytokines. J Immunol Res, 2021. 2021: p. 7785180
  31. Hirako, I.C., T. Ramalho, and R.T. Gazzinelli, Immune regulation of host energy metabolism and periodicity of malaria parasites. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 2025. 380(1918): p. 20230511
  32. Zuniga, M., et al., Plasmodium falciparum and TNF-α Differentially Regulate Inflammatory and Barrier Integrity Pathways in Human Brain Endothelial Cells. mBio, 2022. 13(5): p. e0174622
  33. Leão, L., et al., Association of cerebral malaria and TNF-α levels: a systematic review. BMC Infectious Diseases, 2020. 20(1): p. 442
  34. Obeagu, E.I., Role of cytokines in immunomodulation during malaria clearance. Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 2024. 86(5): p. 2873-2882
  35. Tovar Acero, C., et al., IL-4, IL-10, CCL2 and TGF-β as potential biomarkers for severity in Plasmodium vivax malaria. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 2022. 16(9): p. e0010798
  36. Cahyaningsih, U., et al., Antimalarial Efficacy of Aqueous Extract of Strychnos Ligustrina and Its Combination With Dihydroartemisinin and Piperaquine Phosphate (DHP) Against Plasmodium Berghei Infection. The Korean Journal of Parasitology, 2022. 60(5): p. 339-344
  37. Rahayu, A.A.D., et al., Chemical components of different parts of Strychnos ligustrina, a medicinal plant from Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2022. 959(1): p. 012061
  38. Sari, R., et al., In Vitro and Molecular Docking Studies of the Antimalarial Activities of Strychnos ligustrina Extracts from Different Parts of the Woody Stem. Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology, 2025. 53: p. 89-104
  39. Septory, E.A., K. Djamiatun, and E. Mahati. Combination of songga wood stem ( strychnos lucida ) and act is associated to CXCL12 and parasitemia on plasmodium berghei anka infections I nternational J ournal of A llied M edical S ciences and C linical R esearch (IJAMSCR). 2020
  40. Walk, J., et al., Controlled Human Malaria Infection Induces Long-Term Functional Changes in Monocytes. Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences, 2020. 7
  41. Schrum, J.E., et al., Cutting Edge: Plasmodium falciparum Induces Trained Innate Immunity. The Journal of Immunology, 2018. 200(4): p. 1243-1248

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update:

No citation recorded.