DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jnc.v15i4.59535

KEBERAGAMAN SUMBER PROTEIN, ZAT BESI, DAN VITAMIN B12 DENGAN KADAR HEMOGLOBIN PADA KOMUNITAS VEGETARIAN

Politeknik Kesehatan Kementerian Kesehatan Bengkulu, Bengkulu, Bengkulu, Indonesia

Received: 2 Aug 2026; Revised: 23 Sep 2026; Accepted: 28 Oct 2026; Available online: 30 Oct 2026; Published: 30 Oct 2026.

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Abstract

ABSTRACT

Background: A vegetarian diet restricts animal-based foods, which may increase the risk of inadequacy for several essential nutrients, particularly protein, iron, and vitamin B12, which play a key role in erythrocyte and hemoglobin synthesis.

Objectives: To determine the relationship between protein, iron, and vitamin B12 consumption patterns—based on intake level, food types, and consumption frequency—and hemoglobin levels among the vegetarian community in Bengkulu City.

Methods: This analytical observational study used a cross-sectional design with total sampling. The study population comprised 100 adult vegetarians, and sampling included all adult respondents who met the inclusion criteria. Dietary intake data were collected using a Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQ-FFQ). Dietary diversity was measured using the Individual Dietary Diversity Score (IDDS) because assessments were conducted at the individual level rather than the household level (Household DDS) or using Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women (MDD-W). Hemoglobin levels were measured using the FORA 6 Plus device. Associations were analyzed using the Chi-Square test, and the strength of association was expressed as a Prevalence Ratio (PR) with a 95% Confidence Interval (CI). Daily intakes of protein, iron, and vitamin B12 were categorized into inadequate (<80% of AKG) and adequate (≥80% of AKG) based on Recommended Dietary Allowances (Angka Kecukupan Gizi / AKG).

Results: Most respondents were female (59%), aged 19–50 years (92%), employed (70%), and had completed high school/vocational education (51%). Regarding the type of vegetarian diet, 67% were lacto-ovo vegetarians and 33% were ovo vegetarians. A total of 38% of respondents had low hemoglobin levels (anemic), while 62% had normal hemoglobin levels. Bivariate analysis revealed significant associations between inadequate intake levels and anemia for protein (p=0.001; PR=2.539; 95% CI), iron (p=0.001; PR=4.063; 95% CI), and vitamin B12 (p=0.001; PR=4.088; 95% CI). Dietary diversity was also significantly associated with anemia (p=0.001; PR=4.971; 95% CI). Furthermore, low consumption frequency of protein (p=0.040; PR=2.032; 95% CI), iron (p=0.001; PR=5.636; 95% CI), and vitamin B12 (p=0.001; PR=6.955; 95% CI) showed significant associations with anemia.

Conclusion: Consumption patterns of protein, iron, and vitamin B12—based on intake level, dietary diversity, and consumption frequency—are significantly associated with hemoglobin levels among vegetarians in Bengkulu City

Keywords: Vegetarian; Protein; Iron; Vitamin B12; Hemoglobin.

 

ABSTRAK

Latar belakang: Vegetarian merupakan pola makan yang membatasi konsumsi pangan hewani sehingga dapat meningkatkan risiko ketidakcukupan beberapa zat gizi esensial, terutama protein, zat besi, dan vitamin B12 yang berperan dalam pembentukan eritrosit dan hemoglobin.

Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan pola konsumsi protein, zat besi, dan vitamin B12 berdasarkan jumlah asupan, jenis bahan makanan, dan frekuensi konsumsi dengan kadar hemoglobin pada komunitas vegetarian di Kota Bengkulu.

Metode: Penelitian observasional analitik dengan rancangan cross-sectional menggunakan teknik total sampling dimana komunitas vegetarian dewasa berjumlah 100 orang dan pengambilan sampel melibatkan seluruh responden dewasa yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Data konsumsi diperoleh menggunakan Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQ-FFQ), sedangkan keberagaman pangan menggunakan Individual Dietary Diversity Score (IDDS), karena pengukuran dilakukan pada tingkat individu responden, bukan pada tingkat rumah tangga (Household DDS) maupun Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women (MDD-W). Kadar hemoglobin diukur menggunakan FORA 6 Plus. Analisis hubungan menggunakan uji Chi-Square dan besarnya hubungan dinyatakan dalam Prevalence Ratio (PR) dengan 95% CI..

Hasil: Sebagian besar responden adalah perempuan (59%), berusia 19–50 tahun (92%), bekerja (70%), dan berpendidikan SMA/SMK (51%). Jenis vegetarian, 67% merupakan lacto-ovo vegetarian dan 33% ovo vegetarian. Sebanyak 38% responden memiliki kadar hemoglobin rendah (anemia), sedangkan 62% memiliki kadar hemoglobin normal. Terdapat hubungan antara jumlah protein dengan anemia (p=0,001; PR=2,539; 95% CI), zat besi (p=0,001; PR=4,063; 95% CI), dan vitamin B12 (p=0,001; PR=4,088; 95% CI). Keberagaman pangan juga berhubungan dengan anemia (p=0,001; PR=4,971; 95% CI). Frekuensi konsumsi protein (p=0,040; PR=2,032; 95% CI), zat besi (p=0,001; PR=5,636; 95% CI), dan vitamin B12 (p=0,001; PR=6,955; 95% CI) juga menunjukkan hubungan yang bermakna dengan anemia.

Simpulan: Pola konsumsi protein, zat besi, dan vitamin B12 berdasarkan jumlah asupan, keberagaman sumber pangan, dan frekuensi konsumsi berhubungan secara signifikan dengan kadar hemoglobin pada vegetarian di Kota Bengkulu.

Kata Kunci: Hemoglobin; Protein; Vegetarian; Vitamin B12; Zat Besi

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Keywords: Hemoglobin; Protein; Vegetarian; Vitamin B12; Zat Besi

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