DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jnc.v15i3.51456

EFEKTIVITAS PEMBERIAN MAKANAN BERGIZI GRATIS DI SEKOLAH: TINJAUAN LITERATUR TERHADAP MODEL IMPLEMENTASI DI NEGARA MAJU

1Program Doktor Pascasarjana, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Andalas, Padang, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia

2Departemen Kesehatan Masyarakat, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Andalas, Padang, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia

3Departemen Gizi Masyarakat, Fakultas Ekologi Manusia (FEMA), IPB University, Bogor, Jawa Barat, Indonesia

Received: 17 Sep 2025; Revised: 11 Jul 2026; Accepted: 13 Jul 2026; Available online: 27 Jul 2026; Published: 27 Jul 2026.

Citation Format:
Abstract

ABSTRACT

 Background: Free school meal policies are widely implemented to improve child nutrition, reduce social inequality, and support learning outcomes. Evidence from developed countries is relevant for Indonesia because the Makan Bergizi Gratis programme requires strong governance, clear nutrition standards, robust food safety control, and sustainable financing.

Objective: This review analyses implementation models and key effectiveness factors of free school meal programmes in developed countries and formulates policy implications for Indonesia. Methods: A structured literature review was conducted using the PRISMA approach. Articles were searched in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar with the keywords free school meals, school feeding program, nutrition policy, academic achievement, and child health. Eligible articles were peer‑reviewed, available in full‑text, published between 2017 and 2026, and reported health, education, participation, or implementation outcomes.

Results: The reviewed studies indicate that successful school meal programmes share five core factors: clear targeting or universal coverage, adequate and stable funding, enforceable nutrition and food safety standards, reliable procurement and distribution systems, and continuous monitoring and evaluation. Universal models tend to increase participation and reduce stigma, while targeted models depend on accurate eligibility data and strong administrative capacity.

Conclusion: Free school meal programmes can effectively support child nutrition and learning when they integrate health, education, and food system governance. Indonesia should strengthen phased implementation, local food procurement, menu standardisation, food safety supervision, and outcome evaluation in the Makan Bergizi Gratis programme

Keywords: Academic achievement; child health; nutrition; policy implementation; school meals 

ABSTRAK

Latar belakang: Kebijakan makanan gratis di sekolah banyak digunakan untuk memperbaiki gizi anak, mengurangi kesenjangan sosial, dan mendukung hasil belajar. Bukti dari negara maju relevan bagi Indonesia karena program Makan Bergizi Gratis memerlukan tata kelola yang kuat, standar gizi yang jelas, pengawasan keamanan pangan yang ketat, dan pembiayaan yang berkelanjutan.

Tujuan: Tinjauan ini menganalisis model implementasi dan faktor efektivitas program makanan gratis di sekolah pada negara maju serta merumuskan implikasi kebijakannya bagi Indonesia.

Metode: Tinjauan literatur dilakukan secara terstruktur dengan pendekatan PRISMA. Artikel ditelusuri melalui PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, dan Google Scholar dengan kata kunci free school meals, school feeding program, nutrition policy, academic achievement, dan child health. Artikel yang dipilih merupakan artikel peer‑reviewed, tersedia dalam bentuk full‑text, terbit pada 2017–2026, dan melaporkan luaran kesehatan, pendidikan, partisipasi, atau implementasi.

Hasil: Studi yang direview menunjukkan bahwa keberhasilan program ditopang oleh lima faktor utama, yaitu cakupan sasaran yang jelas atau universal, pendanaan yang memadai dan stabil, standar gizi serta keamanan pangan yang dapat ditegakkan, sistem pengadaan dan distribusi yang andal, serta monitoring dan evaluasi yang berkelanjutan. Model universal cenderung meningkatkan partisipasi dan mengurangi stigma, sedangkan model bersasaran sangat bergantung pada akurasi data kelayakan dan kapasitas administrasi.

Simpulan: Program makanan gratis di sekolah dapat mendukung perbaikan gizi dan pembelajaran anak jika mampu mengintegrasikan tata kelola kesehatan, pendidikan, dan sistem pangan. Indonesia perlu memperkuat implementasi bertahap, pengadaan pangan lokal, standardisasi menu, pengawasan keamanan pangan, dan evaluasi luaran dalam pelaksanaan Makan Bergizi Gratis.

Kata kunci: Gizi; implementasi kebijakan; kesehatan anak; makanan sekolah; prestasi akademik

Note: This article has supplementary file(s).

Fulltext View|Download |  literatur rieview
Efektivitas Pemberian Makanan Gratis di Sekolah: Tinjauan Literatur terhadap Model Implementasi di Negara Maju dalam 10 Tahun Terakhir
Subject School meals; Nutrition; Academic achievement; Child health; Policy implementation
Type literatur rieview
  Download (166KB)    Indexing metadata
Email colleagues
Keywords: Gizi; implementasi kebijakan; kesehatan anak; makanan sekolah; prestasi akademik

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Articles
Language : ID
  1. World Food Programme. State of School Feeding Worldwide 2022. Rome: World Food Programme; 2023. Available from: State of School Feeding Worldwide 2022
  2. World Health Organization. Malnutrition. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021. Available from: WHO Malnutrition Fact Sheet
  3. United States Department of Agriculture. National School Lunch Program and School Breakfast Program Data. Washington (DC): USDA; 2022. Available from: USDA Child Nutrition Tables
  4. UNICEF Indonesia. Pusat unggulan nasional Program Makan Bergizi Gratis. Jakarta: UNICEF Indonesia; 2025. Available from: UNICEF Indonesia Program Makan Bergizi Gratis
  5. Badan Gizi Nasional. Petunjuk teknis tata kelola penyelenggaraan Program Makan Bergizi Gratis. Keputusan Kepala Badan Gizi Nasional Republik Indonesia Nomor 401.1 Tahun 2025. Jakarta: Badan Gizi Nasional; 2025. Available from: Badan Gizi Nasional
  6. Badan Gizi Nasional. 61,2 juta penerima manfaat, Indonesia peringkat kedua dunia program makan sekolah. Jakarta: Badan Gizi Nasional; 2026. Available from: Berita Badan Gizi Nasional
  7. Department for Education. Evaluation of Free School Meals and Universal Infant Free School Meals. London: Department for Education; 2021. Available from: UK Department for Education Research Reports
  8. Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. School Lunch Program (Kyushoku) in Japan: Policy and Practice. Tokyo: MEXT; 2020. Available from: MEXT School Lunch Program Information
  9. French Ministry of Education. School Food Standards and Nutrition Regulations in France. Paris: Ministère de l'Éducation nationale; 2021. Available from: French Ministry of Education
  10. Black RE, Victora CG, Walker SP, Bhutta ZA, Christian P, de Onis M, et al. Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet. 2013;382(9890):427-451. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60937-X
  11. Belot M, James J. Healthy school meals and educational outcomes. J Health Econ. 2011;30(3):489-504. doi: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2011.03.003
  12. Adelman S, Gilligan DO, Lehrer K. How effective are school feeding programs? A critical assessment of the evidence from developing countries. Food Policy. 2019;85:101306. doi: 10.1016/j.foodpol.2019.05.006
  13. Spill MK, Trivedi R, Thoerig RC, Balalian AA, Schwartz MB, Gundersen C, et al. Universal free school meals and school and student outcomes: A systematic review. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(8):e2424082. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.24082
  14. Parnham JC, Chang K, Millett C, Laverty AA, von Hinke S, Pearson-Stuttard J, et al. The impact of the Universal Infant Free School Meal policy on dietary quality in English and Scottish primary school children: Evaluation of a natural experiment. Nutrients. 2022;14(8):1602. doi: 10.3390/nu14081602
  15. Turner L, Guthrie JF, Ralston K. Community eligibility and other provisions for universal free meals at school: Impact on student breakfast and lunch participation in California public schools. Transl Behav Med. 2019;9(5):931-941. doi: 10.1093/tbm/ibz090
  16. Zuercher MD, Cohen JFW, Hecht CE, Hecht K, Ritchie LD, Gosliner W. Providing school meals to all students free of charge during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond: Challenges and benefits reported by school foodservice professionals in California. Nutrients. 2022;14(18):3855. doi: 10.3390/nu14183855
  17. Andreyeva T, Sun X. Universal school meals in the US: What can we learn from the Community Eligibility Provision? Nutrients. 2021;13(8):2634. doi: 10.3390/nu13082634
  18. Asakura K, Sasaki S. School lunches in Japan: Their contribution to healthier nutrient intake among elementary-school and junior high-school children. Public Health Nutr. 2017;20(9):1523-1533. doi: 10.1017/S1368980017000374
  19. Jessiman PE, Carlisle VR, Breheny K, Campbell R, Jago R, Robinson M, et al. A qualitative process evaluation of universal free school meal provision in two London secondary schools. BMC Public Health. 2023;23:300. doi: 10.1186/s12889-023-15082-3
  20. Ismail MR, Gilliland JA, Matthews JI, Battram DS. Process evaluation of the Centrally Procured School Food Program in Ontario, Canada: School-level perspectives. Health Educ Res. 2021;36(5):554-567. doi: 10.1093/her/cyab023
  21. Hecht AA, Pollack Porter KM, Turner L. Impact of the Community Eligibility Provision of the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act on student nutrition, behavior, and academic outcomes: 2011-2019. Am J Public Health. 2020;110(9):1405-1410. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2020.305743
  22. Hock K, Barquera S, Corvalán C, Goodman S, Sacks G, Vanderlee L, et al. Awareness of and participation in school food programs in youth from six countries. J Nutr. 2022;152(Suppl 1):85S-97S. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxac052
  23. Hayes D, Contento IR, Weekly C. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Society for Nutrition Education and Behavior, and School Nutrition Association: Comprehensive nutrition programs and services in schools. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2018;118(5):913-919. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2018.03.005
  24. Zuercher MD, Orta-Aleman D, Cohen JFW, Hecht CA, Hecht K, Polacsek M, Patel AI, et al. The benefits and challenges of providing school meals during the first year of California's universal school meal policy as reported by school foodservice professionals. Nutrients. 2024;16(12):1812. doi: 10.3390/nu16121812
  25. Muthini D, et al. Local procurement for school feeding and community livelihoods in Africa. Food Policy. 2021;99:101983. doi: 10.1016/j.foodpol.2020.101983
  26. Zailani H, Owolabi OA, Sallau AB. Contribution of school meals to the recommended nutrient and energy intake of children enrolled in the National Homegrown School Feeding Program in Zaria, Nigeria. Arch Pediatr. 2023;30(7):471-476. doi: 10.1016/j.arcped.2023.07.004
  27. Grantham-McGregor S, Cheung YB, Cueto S, Glewwe P, Richter L, Strupp B. Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries. Lancet. 2007;369(9555):60-70. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60032-4
  28. Ruel MT, Quisumbing AR, Balagamwala M. Nutrition-sensitive interventions and programmes: How can they help to accelerate progress in improving maternal and child nutrition? Lancet. 2013;382(9891):536-551. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60843-0
  29. Walker SP, Chang SM, Powell CA, et al. Early childhood stimulation benefits adult competence and reduces violent behavior. Pediatrics. 2018;141(2):e20171487. doi: 10.1542/peds.2017-1487
  30. Jayalakshmi R, Jissa VT. Nutritional status of Mid-Day Meal programme beneficiaries: A cross-sectional study among primary schoolchildren in Kottayam district, Kerala, India. Indian J Public Health. 2017;61(2):86-91. doi: 10.4103/ijph.IJPH_320_15
  31. Jacksaint S, Johana Elizabeth V. Anthropometric nutritional status, socioeconomic status and academic performance in school children aged 6 to 12 years. Nutr Clin Diet Hosp. 2020;40(1):74-81. doi: 10.12873/401saintila
  32. Mohammed B, Belachew T, Kedir S, Abate KH. Effect of school feeding program on body mass index of primary school adolescents in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A prospective cohort study. Front Nutr. 2023;9:1026436. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1026436
  33. Mohapatra MK, Pradhan A, Tiwari D, et al. Effectiveness of Fortified Mid-Day Meal in Reducing Anemia Among School Children in Dhenkanal, Odisha: A Quasi-Experimental Study. Food Nutr Bull. 2023;44(2):79-87. doi: 10.1177/03795721231172253
  34. Zenebe M, Gebremedhin S, Henry CJ, Regassa N. School feeding program has resulted in improved dietary diversity, nutritional status and class attendance of school children. Ital J Pediatr. 2018;44(1):16. doi: 10.1186/s13052-018-0449-1
  35. Tooher R, Collins J, Braunack-Mayer A, et al. Intersectoral collaboration to implement school-based health programmes: Australian perspectives. Health Promot Int. 2017;32(2):312-321. doi: 10.1093/heapro/dav120
  36. Pelletier JE, Laska MN, MacLehose R, Nelson TF, Nanney MS. State-level trends and correlates for cross-sector collaboration on school nutrition and physical education activities, 2000-2012. Prev Chronic Dis. 2016;13:E94. doi: 10.5888/pcd13.160032
  37. Grace LDM. Effect of School-Based Feeding Program Implementation of Elementary Schools on Learners' Academic Performance. Int J Res Publ. 2023;120(1). doi: 10.47119/IJRP1001201320234484

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update:

No citation recorded.