Studi Analisis Nitrat, Fosfat dan Amonia Muara Sungai di Pesisir Teluk Banten, Banten

Abstract

Muara sungai sebagai kawasan estuari memainkan peranan penting dalam menjaga keseimbangan ekosistem pesisir, namun aktivitas antropogenik seperti pertanian, industri, dan pemukiman di sekitar Teluk Banten telah meningkatkan tekanan lingkungan yang menyebabkan pencemaran bahan organik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis konsentrasi nitrat, fosfat, dan amonia sebagai indikator kualitas air di tiga muara sungai di pesisir Teluk Banten. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara purposive sampling, dan parameter fisik-kimia diuji menggunakan metode spektrofotometri serta instrumen laboratorium standar. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata kandungan nitrat berada dalam kategori mesotrofik 2,71 mg/L, fosfat berada di atas baku mutu (>0,28 mg/L), dan amonia masih di bawah ambang batas (0,06-0,07 mg/L). Faktor lingkungan seperti suhu, pH, salinitas, oksigen terlarut, dan total padatan terlarut juga diamati untuk menentukan hubungan terhadap konsentrasi bahan organik. Hasil pengamatan   parameter fisik-kimia di tiga stasiun pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa suhu berada dalam kisaran normal yakni 28,83 °C, masih sesuai dengan baku mutu. Nilai pH relatif netral dengan rata-rata 7,65. Salinitas tercatat fluktuatif dengan rata-rata 25 ppt, di bawah baku mutu laut normal. Kandungan oksigen terlarut (DO) tergolong rendah yaitu 3,2 mg/L, berada di bawah ambang batas baku mutu (>5 mg/L), yang mengindikasikan kondisi perairan cenderung tercemar. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) menunjukkan rata-rata 35,7 ppm tanpa acuan baku mutu spesifik, namun masih berada dalam kisaran umum perairan pesisir. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan indikasi eutrofikasi dan pencemaran sedang akibat tingginya masukan limbah domestik dan pertanian, yang dapat mengancam keberlangsungan biota perairan di sekitar Teluk Banten.

River mouths, as estuarine areas, play an important role in maintaining the balance of coastal ecosystems, but anthropogenic activities such as agriculture, industry, and settlements around Banten Bay have increased environmental pressure, leading to organic material pollution. This study aims to analyze the concentration of nitrate, phosphate, and ammonia as indicators of water quality in three river estuaries along the coast of Banten Bay. Sampling was conducted using purposive sampling, and the physicochemical parameters were tested using spectrophotometry methods and standard laboratory instruments. The results show that the average nitrate content falls within the mesotrophic category 2.71 mg/L, phosphate levels are above the quality standard (>0.28 mg/L), and ammonia remains below the threshold (0.06-0.07 mg/L). Environmental factors such as temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and total dissolved solids were also observed to determine their relationship with organic material concentration. The results of the observation of physicochemical parameters at three observation stations show that the temperature is within the normal range, namely 28.83 °C, still in accordance with the quality standards. The pH value is relatively neutral with an average of 7.65. Salinity was recorded as fluctuating with an average of 25 ppt, below the normal marine water quality standards. The dissolved oxygen (DO) content is classified as low at 3.2 mg/L, below the standard quality threshold (>5 mg/L), indicating that the water conditions tend to be polluted. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) showed an average of 35.7 ppm without a specific quality standard reference, but still within the general range of coastal waters. The results of the study indicate eutrophication and moderate pollution due to high levels of domestic and agricultural waste, which could threaten the sustainability of aquatic biota around Banten Bay.